Religion als das Opium des Volkes ist eine Aussage von Karl Marx. [citation needed] Since the mid-1990s, there has been a massive program to rebuild Buddhist and Taoist temples that were destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. Marxistische Religionskritik "Religion ist Opium des Volkes." The People's Mujahedin of Iran, an exiled political party which opposes the Islamic Republic, once advocated communist ideals, but has since abandoned them. The Christian and Muslim communities were among the most persecuted as well. Other religions, which were practiced by a relatively small number of believers, included Buddhism and Shamanism. Marx places his emphasis on the concept of value, which can only be created by human labor, not machines. Because of these problems, it would not be appropriate to accept Marx’s ideas uncritically. We do not have to restrict ourselves to the idea that religion is only dependent upon economics and nothing else, such that the actual doctrines of religions are almost irrelevant. As he wrote in his famous Theses on Feuerbach: “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it.”. Religion: Opium des Volkes (Karl Marx) Religionen haben etwas Gemeinsames: Ihre Entstehung verdanken Sie dem Ende. Karl Marx's religious views have been the subject of much interpretation. Grundlagen der Soziologie (319.000 ) Akademisches Jahr. Sie dient den Menschen nur noch als Trost- und Rechtfertigungsfunktion13. A final problem is more economic than religious—but since Marx made economics the basis for all his critiques of society, any problems with his economic analysis will affect his other ideas. It would be bourgeois narrow-mindedness to forget that the yoke of religion that weighs upon mankind is merely a product and reflection of the economic yoke within society. 2 (Mar., 2007), pp. 52, No. 85, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. religiösen Projektion untersuchen. Vergleich Marx - Feuerbach. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who attempted to examine religion from an objective, scientific perspective. [citation needed] However, the Communist Party of China still remains explicitly atheist and religion is heavily regulated, with only specific state-operated churches, mosques and temples being allowed for worship. Karl Heinrich Marx wurde am 5. Zum theoretischen Hintergrund der MARX´schen Lehre: 1. Inspired by Ludwig Feuerbach's "religion of humanity", it had some precedent in the French Revolution with the "cult of reason". Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history—generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. No number of pamphlets and no amount of preaching can enlighten the proletariat, if it is not enlightened by its own struggle against the dark forces of capitalism. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. Because of these problems, it would not be appropriate to accept Marx’s ideas uncritically. 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx, the founder and primary theorist of Marxism, viewed religion as "the soul of soulless conditions" or the "opium of the people". Nachdem er das Gymnasium mit Bestnoten abgeschlossen hatte, studierte er nach Vorbild seines Vaters einige Monate Rechtswissenschaften. Die Religionskritik von Karl Marx eine kritische Auseinandersetzung Ludwig Feuerbach geboren: 28. Not only is nothing else fundamental enough to influence religion, but influence cannot run in the other direction, from religion to material and economic realities. von Karl Marx entwickelte Idee(ologie) des sich durch Kampf zweier Klassen It should be noted that through most of his life, Marx did not work alone—he had the help of Friedrich Engels who had, on his own, developed a very similar theory of economic determinism. Christian Socialism is but the holy water with which the priest consecrates the heart-burnings of the aristocrat. Hegel was a complicated philosopher, but it is possible to draw a rough outline for our purposes. Christian clergy and Muslim imams were executed. Religion is »the opium of the people« – this famous phrase, coined by Karl Marx in 1844, seems to summarize his critique of religion. In dieser Zeit hatte die Arbeiterschicht mit der Ausbeutung durch die Fabrikbesitzer zu kämpfen. [19], Albania was declared an atheist state by Enver Hoxha. geschichte der philosophie marx ws liessmann karl marx 1818 geboren. New economic realities required a new religious superstructure by which it could be justified and defended. [28], In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote: "Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist tinge. According to him, humans—even from their earliest beginnings—are not motivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. Marx has three reasons for disliking religion. Marx zählt zusammen mit Ludwig Feuerbach, Friedrich Nietzsche und Sigmund Freud zu den bedeutendsten deutschsprachigen Religions… In some ways, the quote is presented dishonestly because saying “Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature...” leaves out that it is also the “heart of a heartless world.” This is more a critique of society that has become heartless and is even a partial validation of religion that it tries to become its heart. During the late 19th century and also when Albania became a state, religions were suppressed in order to better unify Albanians. [citation needed], The role of religion in the daily lives of Soviet citizens varied greatly, but two-thirds of the Soviet population were irreligious. Karl Marx: Die deutsche Ideologie - Philosophie / Philosophie des 20. Kritik an Marx. 'Reading 'Opium of the People': Expression, Protest and the Dialectics of Religion'. In the Marxist–Leninist interpretation, all modern religions and churches are considered as "organs of bourgeois reaction" used for "the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class". First, it is irrational—religion is a delusion and worship of appearances that avoids recognizing underlying reality. The communist Tudeh Party of Iran was allied with the Islamists in their ultimately successful rebellion against the Shah Pahlavi in 1979, although after the Shah was overthrown the Islamists turned on their one-time allies. But the reality is just the opposite. This is the context in which all human social institutions develop, including religion. For the majority of Soviet citizens, religion seemed irrelevant. Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral. Jahrhundert begann in England die industrielle Revolution. His extraordinary, original vision of man’s helpless entrapment in religion … Das Zitat stammt aus der um die Jahreswende 1843/44 verfassten Einleitung zu seiner Schrift Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. He lies buried next to his wife at Highgate Cemetery in London. Similarly, religion does not fix the underlying causes of people’s pain and suffering—instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and causes them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain ceases instead of working to change circumstances now. For Karl Marx, the basic determining factor of human history is economics. According to Marx, religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. Karl Marx veränderte und verschärfte die Religionskritik von Ludwig Feuerbach (1806-1872). In this context, Communism thus has two goals: First it is supposed to explain these realities to people unaware of them; second, it is supposed to call people in the labor classes to prepare for the confrontation and revolution. As Marx wrote, “The religious world is but the reflex of the real world.”. [33], From the 1940s through the 1960s, communists, socialists and Islamists sometimes joined forces in opposing colonialism and seeking national independence. In spite of his obvious dislike of and anger towards religion, Marx did not make religion the primary enemy of workers and communists. Weil Marx den Menschen nur als gegenständliches Gattungswesen kannte, nicht wie seit Aristoteles als Vernunftwesen, aber ähnlich wie Nietzsche später die Vernunft leiblich dachte, kann er keine „ewigen Wahrheiten, wie Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit“ denken. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible suggests that the first Christians, including the Apostles, created their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection. This isn’t surprising—those in power have always wished to justify and maintain that power. Before the 18th century, most answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. Sie sind Dinge, die Bedürfnisse befriedigen können, entweder direkt (z. As the perceived threat of the "Godless communist" and materialism to the American way of life grew, "the choice between Americanism and Communism was vital, without room for compromise". Marx had a special word for all of the work that goes into developing those institutions: ideology. In contrast to the atheism of Lenin, the God-Builders took an official position of agnosticism. Because of his work, it has become impossible to study religion without also exploring its ties to various social and economic forces. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. [21] This policy was mainly applied and felt within the borders of the present Albanian state, producing a nonreligious majority in the population. [13] However, importance was placed on secularism and non-violence towards the religious: But the campaign against the backwardness of the masses in this matter of religion, must be conducted with patience and considerateness, as well as with energy and perseverance. Then it will detail his critique of religion by means of a … Houses of worship, including temples, mosques and churches, were converted into non-religious buildings for secular use. The italics are in the original. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. The problem is that opiates fail to fix a physical injury—you only forget your pain and suffering for a while. Lernziele der Stunde. In fact, religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else—so much so that the actual religious doctrines are almost irrelevant. Kurze Zusammenfassung über im Kurs besprochene Punkte. [22][23], After the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge, a socialist state more reflective of the values shared by Vietnam and allies of the Soviet Union was established. The Roman Catholic cathedral of Phnom Penh was razed. In reality, they are expressions of class interest and class conflict. Marx kritisiert alle Formen einer idealistischen Philosophie und insbesondere alle Formen der Religion. Objects have only the value of whatever people are ultimately willing to pay; some might pay more for the raw wood, some might pay more for the ugly sculpture. Has not Christianity declaimed against private property, against marriage, against the State? The current Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso speaks positively of Marxism despite the heavy persecution of the Tibetan people by the post-Mao Zedong and post-Cultural Revolution Chinese government. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. As interesting and insightful as Marx’s analysis and critiques are, they are not without their problems—both historical and economic. Critical Sociology, vol 31, no. At best, the return on investment is the same whether the work is done by people or machines. Marx’s wife died on December 2, 1881, and on March 14, 1883, Marx passed away peacefully in his armchair. His family was Jewish but later converted to Protestantism in 1824 in order to avoid anti-semitic laws and persecution. Advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the Apostles themselves. [2], According to Howard Zinn, "[t]his helps us understand the mass appeal of the religious charlatans of the television screen, as well as the work of Liberation Theology in joining the soulfulness of religion to the energy of revolutionary movements in miserably poor countries". It may be that it was a communism on a very small scale but it was communism without dictatorship a miracle which Lenin failed to do. 7 (Nov., 2006), pp. According to Karl Marx, religion is like other social institutions in that it is dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. Marx und Engels Zusammenfassung. Im „Kommunistis… Die Kapitalisten werden im… The Marxist ethos that aims for unity reflects the Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. In their influential book The ABC of Communism, Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhensky spoke out strongly against religion, writing that "Communism is incompatible with religious faith". To thrust atheism upon the masses, and in conjunction therewith to interfere forcibly with religious practices and to make mock of the objects of popular reverence, would not assist but would hinder the campaign against religion. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives—marriage, church, government, arts, etc.—can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. Marx’s labor theory of value and concept of surplus value as driving exploitation in capitalism are the fundamental underpinning upon which all of the rest of his ideas are based. Whatever one’s conclusion about the accuracy or validity of Marx’s ideas on religion, we should recognize that he provided an invaluable service by forcing people to take a hard look at the social web in which religion always occurs. 1467-1488, Lucian N. Leustean. It is the opium of the people. Die industrielle Revolution griff bald auf das europäische Festland über und verwandelte auch dort Gesellschaft und Lebensverhältnisse total: Die wenigen Fabrikbesitzer wurden immer reicher die große Masse der Arbeiter wurde immer ärmer und verelendete immer mehr. [37], Analysis reveals that the Baháʼí Faith as both a doctrinal manifest and as a present-day emerging organised community is highly cooperative in nature with elements that correspond to various threads of Marxist thought, anarchist thought and more recent liberational thought innovations. [13], God-Building was an idea proposed by some prominent early Marxists of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [24], Starting as early as the late 1950s, members of the Pathet Lao sought to encourage support for the communist cause by aligning members of the Lao sangha with the communist opposition. While not all communists are in full agreement with Marxism, communists share the Marxist critique of capitalism. According to Marx, religion can only be understood in relation to other social systems and the economic structures of society. Knappe Übersicht von Marx' Kerngedanken zur Kritik der Religion als Tafelbild In seiner Schrift “Zur Kritik der Hegel’schen Rechts-Philosophie”, Paris 1844, diffamiert Karl Marx die Religion als Opium des Volkes.In Anknüpfung an Feuerbach kritisiert er die Religion als Werk des (durch die verkehrte Gesellschaft) entfremdeten Menschen. Without them, his moral complaint against capitalism falters, and the rest of his philosophy begins to crumble. (Karl Marx) 4 Marx' Religionskritik ist explizit fast ausschließlich in seinem Fruhwerk auffindbar, und auch dort wird sie nirgends in einem größeren Zusammenhang entfaltet. Karl Marx "Die Unvereinbarkeit der Religion mit den Menschenrechten liegt so wenig im Begriff der Menschenrechte, daß das Recht, religiös zu sein, auf beliebige Weise religiös zu sein, den Kultus seiner besonderen Religion auszuüben, vielmehr ausdrücklich unter die Menschenrechte gezählt wird. If Marx is correct that all value comes from labor, then the sculpture should have more value than the raw wood—but that is not necessarily true. Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and the least funny of the Marxes. What is Aesthetics? At the same time, Marx saw religion as a form of protest by the working classes against their … (2005). This thesis will first explicate the precise nature of his atheism. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive—a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Consisting of a synthesis of Christian theology and Marxist socioeconomic analyses, liberation theology stresses social concern for the poor and advocates for liberation for oppressed peoples. [...] The failure of the regime in the former Soviet Union was, for me, not the failure of Marxism but the failure of totalitarianism. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. [24], During its Socialist era, the Romanian government exerted significant control over the Orthodox Church and closely monitored religious activity, as well as promoting atheism among the population. After 1941 in the Stalin era, religious persecution was greatly reduced. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. As Marx wrote, “The religious world is but the reflex of the real world.”. 15-38, Roland Boer in International Socialism. Marx actually said very little about religion directly; in all of his writings, he hardly ever addresses religion in a systematic fashion, even though he touches on it frequently in books, speeches, and pamphlets. [40] Regardless, Buddhists have still been persecuted in some Communist states,[41] notably China, Mongolia and Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. [44] In addition, another criticism is that communism is in itself a religion. In einem berühmten Ausspruch bezeichnet Marx die Religion deshalb als Opium des Volks. [7][31], Contemporary communism, including contemporary Christian communism, owes much to Marxist thought—particularly Marxian economics. The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation. Marx studied philosophy at Bonn and then later Berlin, where he came under the sway of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich von Hegel. It would be stupid to think that, in a society based on the endless oppression and coarsening of the worker masses, religious prejudices could be dispelled by purely propaganda methods. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. Marx’s most famous statement about religion comes from a critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law: This is often misunderstood, perhaps because the full passage is rarely used: the boldface in the above show what is usually quoted. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. zurück. [35], During the Russian Civil War, Jews were seen as communist sympathizers and thousands were murdered in pogroms by the White Army. Zur Kritik: Die Beziehung zu Gott als Religion, als gelebte Frömmigkeit, ist tatsächlich immer zwiespältig. Although he certainly has some important things to say about the nature of religion, he can’t be accepted as the last word on the subject. [4][5] Marx did not object to a spiritual life and thought it was necessary. Überall erschienen nun Sch… Jesus as a Rebel. kommt nach berlin. [30], Christian communism can be seen as a radical form of Christian socialism. [citation needed], Many supporters of the Viet Cong were Buddhists, strongly believing in the unification of Vietnam, with many opposing South Vietnam due to former President Ngo Dinh Diem's persecution of Buddhism during the early 1960s. Two important ideas which developed bear mentioning here: First, that economic realities are the determining factor for all human behavior; and second, that all of human history is that of class struggle between those who own things and those who do not own things but must instead work to survive. Zusammenfassung. "[43], Because of the perceived atheistic nature of communism, some have accused communism of persecuting religion. ", "Bolsheviks and Islam Part 3: Islamic communism", "The Seforim Blog – All about Seforim – New and Old, and Jewish Bibliography", "Dalai Lama Answers Questions on Various Topics", https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_03.pdf, "Constructing "Godless Communism": Religion, Politics, and Popular Culture, 1954-1960. Denn der Mensch hängt an seinem Leben, und der Tot soll nicht das Ende sein müssen. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. Even if Weber is wrong, we see that one can argue just the opposite of Marx with clear historical evidence. Marx is not entirely without sympathy: people are in distress and religion does provide solace, just as people who are physically injured receive relief from opiate-based drugs. Much as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion takes our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. This article tries to answer two interconnected questions: a) How did the cultural meaning of »opium« change through western history? Constructing Communism in the Romanian People's Republic. Martin Luther preached the ability of each individual to interpret the Bible but sided with aristocratic rulers and against peasants who fought against economic and social oppression. Austin Cline, a former regional director for the Council for Secular Humanism, writes and lectures extensively about atheism and agnosticism. They are reflections of an underlying need to maintain the status quo and preserve current economic realities. He died of respiratory problems in London in 1883. [citation needed], In contrast with the brutal repression of the sangha undertaken in Cambodia, the Communist government of Laos has not sought to oppose or suppress Buddhism in Laos to any great degree, rather since the early days of the Pathet Lao communist officials have sought to use the influence and respect afforded to Buddhist clergy to achieve political goals while discouraging religious practices seen as detrimental to Marxist aims. Mai 1818 geboren und wuchs gemeinsam mit fünf Geschwistern bei seinen Eltern und in Trier auf. According to Marx, this new form of Christianity, Protestantism, was a production of new economic forces as early capitalism developed. Religion is only the illusory Sun which revolves around man as long as he does not revolve around himself. These two facts created a division of labor and separation of classes based on power and wealth. [27] This relatively favorable attitude towards the church continued until the death of Patriarch Justinian of Romania in 1977, at which point the state began a new anti-church campaign, engaging in urban renewal projects that entailed the destruction of churches. Der Geschichtsverlauf - ist eine Abfolge von Klassengesellschaften und Klassenkämpfen - denn eine Klasse war immer im Besitz der Produktivkräfte Second, the common experience is that the value of a produced object lies not with the labor put into it but in the subjective estimation of a potential purchaser. In the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Marx famously stated: Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Diese Einleitung hat er 1844 in der zusammen mit Arnold Ruge herausgegebenen Zeitschrift Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher veröffentlicht. Der Abkömmling einer Rabbiner-Familie wurde am 5. Waren sind die Essenz des Reichtums in kapitalistischen Gesellschaften. Instead, we can recognize that there are a variety of social influences upon religion, including economic and material realities of society. In The Attitude of the Workers’ Party to Religion, Lenin wrote: Religion is the opium of the people: this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion. Unterdrücker und Unterdrückte stehen stets in einem Gegensatz zueinander, der (mal offen, mal versteckt) in einem Klassenkampf ausgetragen wird. Nonetheless, Lenin allowed Christians and other religious people in the Bolshevik Party. At the same time, Marx saw religion as a form of protest by the working classes against their poor economic conditions and their alienation.[1]. Im „Kapital“ Von Marx gehört Religion in die Logik der verkehrten kapitalistischen Welt. Perhaps he was influenced in this matter by Hegel, who thought that Christianity was the highest form of religion and that whatever was said about that also automatically applied to “lesser” religions—but that isn’t true.
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